Barefoot Running bad

Tag: intellectual dishonesty

  • Why does the barefoot running community continually fall for this nonsense?


    I have already gone over how the barefoot running community generally misrepresented and misreported the Liebermann research and how they misrepresented and even lied about the Kerrigan research, so now let’s take a closer look at the online article that they all seem to quote as ‘evidence’ (and we all know that the barefoot running community does not even really know what evidence is).

    The article I am referring to this one by Michael Warburton that was published online as part of the online journal, Sports Science.

    Lets look at it. The article starts off with:

    “Well-known international athletes have successfully competed barefoot, most notably Zola Budd-Pieterse from South Africa and the late Abebe Bikila from Ethiopia”

    Off to a really bad start there, as we know that Abebe Bikila could run faster and break a world record when he started wearing running shoes and Zola Budd is now running in shoes!

    “in this review I will show that wearing running shoes probably reduces performance and increases the risk of injury”

    You will soon see that the author failed miserably in achieving what he claimed.

    “Where barefoot and shod populations co-exist, as in Haiti, injury rates of the lower extremity are substantially higher in the shod population (Robbins and Hanna, 1987).”

    This study on injury rates in Haiti does not actually exist. It was made up. Surely the fact that Robbins and Hanna did not cite a reference for it should have been a give away? Never let a little thing like this stand in the way of those who have an agenda.

    “This association between injury and wearing shoes is consistent with the possibility that wearing shoes increases the risk of injury”

    There is NOT one study that shows that. The ones cited by the author did not show that. Anyone reading those studies with the blinkers off can see that.

    “However, there have been several studies implicating footwear in the etiology of injuries in runners”

    Again, there is not one study that shows that. The author is being dishonest. He does present some studies that he claims support that, but they do not. Let’s look at them:

    “It is claimed that footwear increases the risk of such sprains, either by decreasing awareness of foot position provided by feedback from plantar cutaneous mechanoreceptors in direct contact with the ground (Robbins et al., 1995)”.

    Robbins et al never showed that, they just CLAIMED that in the editorial like conclusion to their research which not even on ankle sprains!

    “or by increasing the leverage arm and consequently the twisting torque around the sub-talar joint during a stumble (Stacoff et al., 1996). “

    That was a good study, but did not actualy show an increased risk for ankle sprains (it wasn’t even about ankle sprains!) and shoe design in the heel has changed significantly since the late 90’s, so this study is irrelevant to the authors argument.

    And besides, since when has ankle sprains been an issue for runners? It makes up less than 1% of injuries that runners get and I bet in the vast majority of those the shoe would not have been a factor, so the author really is barking up the wrong tree here.

    “One of the most common chronic injuries in runners is planter fasciitis, or an inflammation of the ligament running along the sole of the foot. There is some evidence that the normally unyielding plantar fascia acts as the support for the medial longitudinal arch, and that strain on the proximal fascial attachment during foot strike leads to plantar fasciitis (Robbins and Hanna, 1987). Barefoot running may induce an adaptation that transfers the impact to the yielding musculature, thus sparing the fascia and accounting for the low incidence of plantar fasciitis in barefoot populations (Robbins and Hanna, 1987).”

    Robbins and Hanna did NOT do a study on plantar fasciitis and there is NO evidence that there is less plantar fasciitis in barefoot populations, so I have no idea what the author is talking about here. If you look at all the prospective studies on what causes or increases the risk for plantar fasciitis, NONE of them have shown that this is a factor! The author is barking up the wrong tree again.

    The rest of the section on chronic injuries is equally nonsensical as it all focuses on the changes in impact moderating behaviour allegedly induced by running shoes and impact related injuries. The flaw is that there are NO injuries caused by impact. Not one study has shown that high levels of impact increase the risk for any overuse injury in runners (see this for more). So who cares if the shoes induce some sort of sensory illusion and affects impact moderating behaviour or not? Its not an issue, except in the minds of those with an agenda.

    The next section looks at performance:

    “Wearing shoes increases the energy cost of running”… “Flaherty (1994) found that oxygen consumption during running at 12 km/h was 4.7% higher in shoes of mass ~700 g per pair than in bare feet”

    Anyone see a problem with this? Running shoes now weigh half that amount, so the performance argument can’t be used anymore. Why do the barefoot running community continually trot this one out? Again, barking up the wrong tree on this one as well.

    So now lets look at the conclusions:

    Running in shoes appears to increase the risk of ankle sprains, either by decreasing awareness of foot position or by increasing the twisting torque on the ankle during a stumble.

    Wrong (see above).

    Running in shoes appears to increase the risk of plantar fasciitis and other chronic injuries of the lower limb by modifying the transfer of shock to muscles and supporting structures.

    Wrong (see above).

    Running in bare feet reduces oxygen consumption by a few percent.  Competitive running performance should therefore improve by a similar amount, but there has been no published research comparing the effect of barefoot and shod running on simulated or real competitive running performance.

    Wrong (see above). However, I agree with the bit I put in itallics, but we do know that no elite runners choose to run barefoot.

    Research is needed to establish why runners choose not to run barefoot. Concern about puncture wounds, bruising, thermal injury, and overuse injury during the adaptation period are possibilities.

    Surely research into why the barefoot running community continually promote bad research and get it wrong so often is more important?

    In the introduction to his review, the author claimed:

    “in this review I will show that wearing running shoes probably reduces performance and increases the risk of injury”

    Did they achieve that aim? Of course they didn’t!

    Why is it that the barefoot running community are so gullible that they continue to repeatedly fall for this kind of intellectually dishonest nonsense?

    {openx:248}

  • What has happened to injury rates? Are running shoes to blame?

    You can often read comments or statements to the effect that running shoe technology has allegedly improved massively over the last 20-30-40 years, yet when you look at the epidemiological studies of running overuse injuries, there has been no change. The barefoot running community tend to use such statements as evidence that running shoes are bad. You also see many claims in barefoot running books and websites, that the injury rate is actually going up. But like other bits of intellectual dishonesty, they just do not seem to get it and repeatedly twist things to suit their agenda.

    Yes, if you look at the marketing of running shoes and the technological development of running shoes, there is an apparent improvement in the features that are claimed to help reduce running injuries.

    Yes, if you look at the old and more recent prevalence and incidence of running overuse injury studies, the rates of injury are pretty similar (as an aside, most comments I have seen in running barefoot books, on running forums and barefoot running websites on this, show that they do not even know the difference between the words ‘incidence’ and ‘prevalence’, so how can you trust any interpretation they make of the research of they can’t get the basics right?).

    But, if you dig a little deeper, the comparisons between then and now do not stack up to scrutiny. You will not be able to find a single epidemiologist (the specialists who do these sorts of studies for a living) who would agree that the comparisons between the older studies and the newer studies are valid. If they are adamant you can’t do this, then why do the anti-running shoe community think they can do it?

    Why can’t you compare them? Because:

    • The populations used are different in different studies
    • The selection of the populations are different in different studies
    • The definition of an injury was different in different studies
    • The collection of the data was different in different studies
    • Running has changed over time (I came across a comment recently that the average marathon time in the 80’s was 3hr 8min and these days its around 4hr 20mins – how can you compare these two different populations?)

    On the surface, it does appear the injury rate across studies over time has not changed, but dig below the surface and you cannot make that comparison. It’s simply not valid. If you want to beat up on running shoes, you are going to have to find something else rather than dig a bigger hole for yourself using this data.

    {openx:248}

  • Yet another study they fell for!

    In the January issue of Nature is a study by David Liebermann et al (Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually versus shod runners). Like the recent Kerrigan study the barefoot running community have fallen for this one as well (see Hook, line and sinker to see how intellectually dishonest they were about that one). Now they done it again with this study!

    Like the Kerrigan study, the Liebermann one has been widely picked up by the media and touted on the barefoot running web sites and on running forums. I doubt these people even bothered to read the research and just parroted the press release (how irresponsible is that?). It is clear that they never bothered to read the publication! They are making claims for it that the research did not show! The authors even had to take the unusal step of putting a statement on their website about how the research had been misinterpreted and misreported! (good on them for that).

    Here is the study’s abstract (and NOT the overhyped press release):

    Humans have engaged in endurance running for millions of years, but the modern running shoe was not invented until the 1970s. For most of human evolutionary history, runners were either barefoot or wore minimal footwear such as sandals or moccasins with smaller heels and little cushioning relative to modern running shoes. We wondered how runners coped with the impact caused by the foot colliding with the ground before the invention of the modern shoe. Here we show that habitually barefoot endurance runners often land on the fore-foot (fore-foot strike) before bringing down the heel, but they sometimes land with a flat foot (mid-foot strike) or, less often, on the heel (rear-foot strike). In contrast, habitually shod runners mostly rear-foot strike, facilitated by the elevated and cushioned heel of the modern running shoe. Kinematic and kinetic analyses show that even on hard surfaces, barefoot runners who fore-foot strike generate smaller collision forces than shod rear-foot strikers. This difference results primarily from a more plantarflexed foot at landing and more ankle compliance during impact, decreasing the effective mass of the body that collides with the ground. Fore-foot- and mid-foot-strike gaits were probably more common when humans ran barefoot or in minimal shoes, and may protect the feet and lower limbs from some of the impact-related injuries now experienced by a high percentage of runners.

    The full text is available from Nature by subscription. All the study did is compare barefoot to shod running. No where did they prove that one was better than the other, yet somehow the barefoot running community have interpreted that as being the case. They have a habit of doing that!

    Read the last sentence in the abstract: “and may protect the feet and lower limbs from some of the impact-related injuries now experienced by a high percentage of runners“. Really? Can someone point me to one piece of evidence that shows high impacts actually cause any injury? I know no one can as there are none! A high percentage of runners do NOT get impact related injuries! The barefoot running community want us to believe that impact is bad, because it supports their cause. They want to believe. But nowhere has it ever been shown that high impacts are bad and that they cause injury. In fact, the opposite has shown to be the case – we need impact for bone health and to prevent osteoporosis.

    The study did not also address the higher loads that go through the forefoot and Achilles tendon in those who run with a midfoot and forefoot strike. Why is that? Why do those touting this research not mention this? They think it’s ok to mention that high impacts cause injury (when the evidence is that it does not). Is it becasue they have an agenda? (and we all know that the author of the study is a barefoot runner. Why is it that research done by drug companies on their drugs is treated with suspicion, but the barefoot running community believes that a barefoot running study done by a barefoot runner should not be scrutinised?).

    Vibram Five Fingers partially funded the research. In the drug industry, drug company sponsored research is looked upon very cynically by many people. Should we also look cynically at any research on barefoot running that is funded by a barefoot running company? Personally, I have no problems with industry funded research. The problem I have is when the funding source is not declared. The source of funding was not disclosed in this publication.

    Let’s take a closer look as the research:
    Problem number one:
    Look at the age differences in the habitually shod group and the barefoot group. They claimed in the methods to have controlled for age, but they did not. The age difference was almost double! (19.1yrs for the shod group vs 38.3 for the barefoot group). The differences in age could have accounted for the results, or at the very least skewed them.

    Problem number two:
    The statistical analysis is really questionable and they seem to be very deliberate in which variables they decided to analyse. Why not analyse them all and tell us the results of them all? They tried to argue that “because the preferred speed was approximately 1ms21 slower in indoor trials than in outdoor trials, we made statistical comparisons of kinematic and kinetic data only between groups 1 and 3”. This is not normally acceptable to do this.

    Problem number three:
    This should have been presented as a pilot study, The two groups that they actually did the statistical comparison on (groups 1 & 3) had only 8 in them (and they were the USA groups and not the groups from Kenya! – why did all the video’s and media attention focus on the Kenyan groups when they were not even included in the analysis!). How can you draw any real conclusions from such small numbers?

    Problem number four:
    They clearly where using some 2D analysis, yet were claiming 3D (the biomechanists will know what I mean and the problems with that).

    Even the authors acknowledge that the media got it wrong. There is this on their website:

    There are many discrepancies in the way the press has reported our paper “Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners” ….Please note that we present no data on how people should run, whether shoes cause some injuries, or whether barefoot running causes other kinds of injuries.

    Yet again, the barefoot running community have shown their true colors in misrepresenting research and twisting the results to make statements about running shoes and barefoot running that the research did not show – let alone acknowledge the shortcomings. Why do they keep digging these holes for themselves?

    If you not believe me or do not want to believe me, then critically read the research article, visit the barefoot running websites and running forums and read what they wrote about what they think this study shows … you will know exactly what I mean when you read it! Notice how they attack anyone who says anything negative about barefoot running, but never actually address the issues being raised!

    {openx:248}

  • Shoe wearing vs non-shoe wearing populations

    A number of studies have compared the prevalence of foot problems in shoe wearing and non-shoe wearing populations. They quite clearly showed that there are more foot problems in the shoe wearing population. Why is it that the barefoot running community promote these types of study as supporting barefoot running? I just do not understand what they have to do with barefoot running.

    But, is this another case of intellectual dishonesty by the barefoot running nutters? How do you actually know that the footwear was the cause of the higher number of foot problems? In many of the studies that have reported on this, there were ethnic, genetic and age differences between the two populations. How do you know that this was not the reason for the difference in the prevalence of foot problems and nothing to do with the shoes? How do you know that the shoe wearing populations did not spend more time on their feet and this was the reason for the increased prevalence and nothing to do with the shoes? How do you know that the shoe wearing population did not spend more of their time on hard surfaces than the non-shoe wearing population and the hard surface is the reason for the increased prevalence of the foot problems?

    Why is it that when the barefoot runners tout these studies as supporting barefoot running and they do not acknowledge these possible shortcomings in the research? Why do they not acknowledge the other possible explanations? Is it because they are so blind in their faith, that they just want to believe?

    I am not for one minute saying that the shoes are not to blame (they probably are), I am just pointing out that this sort of conclusion cannot be drawn from these sorts of studies and that the barefoot runners are distorting the results to suit their cause. Why do they continually to that for?

    I still do not understand what this has to do with barefoot running.

    {openx:248}

  • Hook, line and sinker!

    This will have to go down as an all time classic to show just how intellectually challenged the barefoot running movement is. They fell for this study ‘hook, line and sinker’! This is the study in question here: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques.

    It has been widely touted on barefoot running websites and on running forums by the barefoot nutters as proof that running shoes are bad and barefoot running is better. I wonder if they realize how big a fool they are making of themselves with this. It is obvious that they did not even read the research.

    Let’s look closer. Here is the press release that accompanied the publication of the research: Running shoes may cause damage to knees, hips and ankles touting that running shoes may cause knee osteoarthritis! The media widely reported the press release. Did they even read the publication before carrying the press release? The study was looking at ankle and knee torques running with and without shoes. It was not even a study on osteoarthritis. Makes them look kind of dumb don’t ya think?

    Most barefoot running websites and running forums had the fanatics touting the research and making all sorts of nonsensical claims coming from it. Two of them even left out the ‘may’ in the title of the press release to claim that Running shoes cause damage to knees, hips and ankles – does that not show you how intellectually dishonest these people are? Why did they do that for, when the research did not come remotely close to showing that. Talk about being sucked in by what they want to believe. Here are these two websites: Barefoot Running Shoes & Barefoot Running.

    The second one has already changed their title in response to it being pointed out how dishonest they were. But we are on to them, as I have the screen shots of both of them here to shame them and expose them for what they are:

    Where in the research does it actually show what these headlines claim? Are these people blind or can’t they read?

    Have they also not read the research that shows that runners do not even get more osetoarthritis than the general population? If the claims that they are making were true, then why is there not more ostoarthritis in the running population?

    Let’s have a closer look at the research and what it means:
    They looked at a group of runners running on a treadmill without and with running shoes and comparing torques at at the knee and ankle joints. They showed that the torques were higher when wearing shoes (that’s all they showed – i.e. nothing to do with joint damage or osteoarthritis!)

    Problem Number One:
    They did this on a treadmill, so the results can only be generalised to a treadmill running population and not running in general! Treadmill running gait is very different to overground running gait – there is no propulsive phase (as the belt moves), the treadmill has some give in it (not like the road); etc. This will affect the results.

    Problem Number Two:
    They claimed they used a neutral shoe, but they used the Brooks Adrenaline which everyone (except them) seems to know that this is a motion control shoe. The Brooks Adrenaline is a good shoe, but would not have been the most appropriate shoe for a number of them and would have adversely affected the biomechanics in some of them. The choice of running shoe should have been individually prescribed. This will affect the results.

    Problem Number Three:
    There is a problem with them not applying a calibration factor to the center of pressure co-ordinates between the two conditions, which would affect the quality of the  inverse dynamic data analysis (the biomechanists will know what I mean here). This means that you cannot trust the numbers for the study.

    Problem Number Four:
    None of the runners were habitual barefoot runners. I would assume people who are not barefoot runners start off running very tentatively. This very tentative running would easily account for the lower ankle and knee joint torques when running barefoot in this study. Not only does this affect the results, it probably totally invalidates them!

    This is not a study to be sceptical of, it is a study that is totally nonsensical and meaningless that the running barefoot community fell for hook line and sinker because they wanted to believe (just like Fox Mulder on the X-files). Hey guys – its time you stood up and started being more intellectually honest.

    {openx:248}